Middle Ages every body man or women

Middle Ages[edit]

During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small part of the population. These included:

• the Frostating in Norway,
• the Althing in Iceland,
• the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands,
• Scandinavian Things,
• the election of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate,
• the South Indian Kingdom of the Chola in the state of Tamil Nadu in the Indian Subcontinent had an electoral system at 920 A.D., about 1100 years ago,^[37]
• Carantania, old Slavic/Slovenian principality, the Ducal Inauguration from 7th to 15th century,
• the upper-caste election of the Gopala in the Bengal region of the Indian Subcontinent,
• the Holy Roman Empire's Hoftag and Imperial Diets (mostly Nobles and Clergy),
• Frisia in the 10th-15th Century (Weight of vote based on landownership)
• the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (10% of population),
• certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Florence, Pisa, Lucca, Amalfi, Siena and San Marino
• the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland,
• the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia,
• The States in Tirol and Switzerland,
• the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan,
• Volta-Nigeric societies such as Igbo.
• the Mekhk-Khel system of the Nakh peoples of the North Caucasus, by which representatives to the Council of Elders for each teip (clan) were popularly elected by that teip's members.
• The 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh ji (Nanak X) established the world's first Sikh democratic republic state ending the aristocracy on day of 1st Vasakh 1699 and Gurbani as sole constitution of this Sikh republic on the Indian subcontinent.^{[citation needed]}

Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords.

The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a constitutional monarchy than a democratic republic. A little closer to modern democracy were the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries: Cossack Hetmanate and Zaporizhian Sich. The highest post – the Hetman – was elected by the representatives from the country's districts.

Magna Carta, 1215, England

The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta (1215), which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal.^[38][39] The first representative national assembly in England was Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1265.^[40] The emergence of petitioning is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. However, the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch.^[41]